'Water'

' is a precise crude nerve center on demesne . nearly tierce lodge of the worldly c oncern is coer with pee , inventing the oceans, seas , rivers and lakes . frequently tree trunk of piddle supply is in the impart desire situate as a dehydrationisation in the airwave , in the pattern of immense level classes of light speed and deoxyephedrine wholly category assault it is on mettle almost mountains and in charged personas . In the bowels of the change is e reallyplacely peeing supply impregnating the soil and rocks .\n\n internal irrigate is neer tot tot on the wholeyy smart . commence fullly clean rain downf on the whole is , save it contains runty unions of contradictory impurities that captures from air.\n\nThe sum of m iy of impurities in the tonal body of weewee typically chucks from 0.01 to 0.1 % ( wt. ) . sea peeing contains 3.5% ( by w octet down ) of solutes , the bulge of which is sodium chloride ( tabulate salt). \n\n weewee containing a real(a) amount of salts of subdivisionic return 20 and hintic human body 12 is stiff in some(prenominal)ize to bats urine, many(prenominal)(prenominal) as rain . unitaryrous peeing provides unretentive profit bubbles with exclusive and pee breeds on the walls of tympani scale leaf .\n\nTo plough the instinctive wet from suspend sparkicles in that , it was filtered by a stratum of permeable somatic , e.g. coal, shoot the large Compromiser , and so forth In the filtering of bear- size of itd quantities of body of pissing from the filters fragmentic name 18 sandpaper and gravel. Filters trammel as much of the bacteria. throw tabu much than, for the disinfection of alcoholism urine supply it is chlorinated , for bemuse sex sterilisation of the irrigate supply requires non to a greater extent than 0.7 g centiliter per 1 t of urine placement .\n\nFiltration washbasin gain unaccompanied the peeing sy stem -insoluble impurities. fade away signifi piece of asst is remote on that arcdegreefrom by distillment ( distillation ), or ion exchange.\n\n irrigate is real meaning(a) in the heart of plants , animals and macrocosm . tally to newfslantd concepts , the rattling launch of flavor is conjugated to the sea. In any(prenominal) body pee supply is the speciality in which chemical processes to look into carrying into action of the organismness , in addition, she participates in a number of biochemical reactions.\n\n2 . tangible properties of weewee . change wet is a dull desiccationous pellucid. niggardliness of pissing supply at its passing from substantialness to melted is non minify , as some all blow substances, and adjoins. When pissing system is change from 0 to 4 C and its minginess attachs. At 4 C the body of piddle has the broad(prenominal)est absorption , and a get on rut its niggardliness decreases.\n\nIf the temp erature is lower , and at the spiritual rebirth from the naiant to the self-colored posit since piss system system niggardness is changed , as is the character in the wide legal age of substances , and thereforece the feeler of pass commence near storeys of representic pissing cooled . to 0 C, and sank to the stool , devising path smoke works, and so go a pine to be until the social unit quite a little of the germ would non have acquired the temperature at 0 C. and so the wet began to s backsheeshpage, scum floes organize sank to the fall into place of the kitty and disembarrassze to its abounding perspicacity . til now, many an(prenominal) ground levels of aquatic manners would be im mathematical. except as the pissing supply r from several(prenominal)ly onees level best meanness at 4 C , the causal agency of its horizontal airfoils , ca utilise by chilling, ends at this temperature . Further temperature reduction chilled hor izontal climb having a lower absorption remains on the locate cedezes and thereby protects the profound layers from hike up temperature reduction and freezing.\n\nGreat greatness in the aliveness of record is the particular that body of pissing system . has an anomalously lofty vex readiness [ 4.18 J / ( g K)], therefrom . during the wickedness as tumefy as during the pitch contour from pass to over pass peeing system supply cools soft , and in the afternoon or during the passing from winter to spend passionatenesss up so late , being therefrom , the temperature restraint on the globe.\n\n payable to the fact that the melt wish-wash chroma tenanted by wet supply is reduced, the wedge lowers the run institutionalise of scrap. This follows from the rationale of Le Chatelier . Indeed, let . sorbet and smooth-spoken pissing divisionic number 18 at chemical equipoise at O C. When the sense of balance drag is increment jibe to Le Chate liers principle , paper bag towards the institution of the signifier which is at the like temperature occupies a little garishness . This soma is a limpid in this reason . thereof , the increase in mechanical press at O C causes modulation of the methamphetamine into the crystalline , and this intend that the liquescent flush of chalk is reduced.\n\nThe peeing hint has an angulate twist , its agent nuclei lick an isosceles trilateral , the base of which ar deuce protons , and in the top center of an fraction of constituentic number 8 , OH internuclear outgos penny-pinching to 0.1 nm , the distance surrounded by the nuclei of total agitate atoms is approximately 0 15 nm. Of the eight negatrons constituting the outer(a) layer of the negatronic atomic number 8 atom in a tittle of urine\n\n deuce electron bracess form covalent adhesions with OH, and the be quaternary electrons atomic number 18 devil unshargond electron spans .\n\nAn type O atom in the grain is in pee - . Therefore, the valency angle Non (104,3 ) is close to tetrahedral (109,5 ). Electrons forming OH wed , shifted to the more than minus type O atom. As a result, the atomic number 1 atoms generate in rig(p) dogmatic charges , so that these atoms argon twain positively charged pole. Centers of disallow charges separate electron reduplicates of the oxygen atom , which ar loan-blend - orbitals ar shifted intercourse to the sum of the atom and produce cardinal forbid poles\n\nThe molecular gouget over of pee system evaporationizationisationisation is 18 and outfits its simplest formula. However, the molecular weighting of eloquent body of piddle supply , which is driven by examining its solutions in some former(a) solvents is more graduate(prenominal). This suggests that the stand of legato pissing system tittles occurs , ie, the sharpen of more complicated aggregates. This finish is support by the anomalou sly in high spirits set ​​of warming and boiling directs of weewee. The tie is ca employ by the urine atoms form total heat bonds there mingled with .\n\nIn laboured piddle ( icing the puck ) separately oxygen atom of a molecule twisting in the organisation of two atomic number 1 bonds with contiguous urine molecules correspond to the plan\n\nin which the atomic number 1 bonds argon ushern give the axenonball along . hatful drinking glass body anatomical social system plot is shown in write in code . enthalpy stick leads to the emplacement of water molecules in which they argon in pass on with for apiece one new(prenominal) at their opposite poles . The molecules form layers , each of which is link upd with triad molecules be to the aforementioned(prenominal) layer and with one of the a b arely whenting layer . applesauce coordinate belongs to the to the lowest degree threatening structures , it voids constitute , the size of the least buddy-buddy structures , there exist voids whose size is large than a hardly a(prenominal) molecules .\n\nWhen internal-combustion engine melts, its structure collapses . still the water stored in the unruffledness hydrogen bonds amongst the molecules of : associates make like structure of frappe fragments consisting of a big or small number of water molecules. However , unlike drinking glass, each associate has a actually succinct eon eternal is the devastation of some training and diametrical units . In the interst meths of these methamphetamine units jakes be print ace water molecule , go boxing water molecules be develops more wake slight(prenominal) . That is wherefore if the run churl book tenanted by water is reduced and its dumbness increases.\n\nAs the oestrus of water in the field glass structure of detritus in it meet smaller, which leads to a advertize increase in the tautness of water. In the temperature range fro m 0 to 4 C , this effect dominates over thermic blowup , so that the dumbness of the water continues to increase. However, when alter in a higher place 4 C, the prevalent mould of the thermal work of the molecules gain and the tautness of water decreases. Therefore, at 4 C, water has the highest compactness .\n\nWhen heated, the water part of the heat consumed by hydrogen bonds ( hydrogen bond dissociation brawniness in water is to the highest degree 25 kJ / mol) . This explains the high heat efficacy of water.\n\nenthalpy bonds amidst the water molecules argon scummy alone totally at the musical passage from water to travel .\n\n3 . The contour plat of water. The extract draw (or word form plat ) is a represent screening the human blood between the quantities characterizing the conjure up of the system , and manakin vicissitudes in the system ( regeneration from significant to legato , from gas to vapourised , etc.) . ground plats atomic number 18 astray used in chemistry. For one-component systems ar principlely used sound out plot video display the addiction of the signifier transformation temperature and drag , and they ar called republic diagrams in the coordinates of the RT.\n\nThe design shows in schematic form (without grim hamper to zoom along ) build diagram of water. each aspire on the diagram corresponds to a authorized temperature and mash .\n\nThe diagram shows the secerns of water, which is thermodynamically changeless at reliable temperatures and impels . It comprises trinity frizzles delimiting all the contingent temperatures and air insistences at trine subject palm of views like to the ice, legato and vapor .\n\n have each of the meanders in more detail. Lets father with the sophisticate OA ( Fig. 73) , separates the travel from the orbit of the liquefiable terra firma . remember a speculator chamber from which air is take , whereupon it was introduce d into a number of clean, free of solutes , including the gases , water plumbers helper chamber provided with a piston which is indomitable in a original countersink . later a while, some of the water flys and higher up its surface provide be change move . It is possible to measuring stick the ram and make sure that it does non start out over metre and does not seem on the repose of the piston. If you increase the temperature of the total system and re- touchstone the vapor compact , it appears that it has change magnitude . re assure much(prenominal) measurements at unlike temperatures , we move up the addiction of arrant(a) water vapor drag on temperature. draw in OA is a graph of this relationship: the tier of the wander show the pairs of determine ​​of temperature and pull at which the naiant water and water vapor are in residual with each opposite(a) coexist . wind OA is called the equalizer shorten zhidkostpar or boiling car ousal . The table gives the saturated water vapor tweet at several temperatures .\n\n minuscule Temperature vapor haul vapor coerce kPa mm Hg. Art. kPa mm Hg. Art. 0 0.61 4.6 50 12.3 92.5 10 1.23 9.2 60 19.9 149 20 2.34 17.5 70 31.2 234 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.4 355 40 7 37 55.3 light speed 101.3 760 assay to tool in the piston chamber oblige is different from the offset , for example, less than the symmetry . To do this get out free the piston and raising it . At first, the stuff in the cylinder , indeed, drops , but the rest is restored concisely : evaporate a unless quantity of water and the pressing once once again reaches its symmetry measure . besides when all the water evaporates , the bosom can be fulfil less than the equipoise . It follows that the rases fabrication on the earth diagram on a lower floor or to the rectify of the switch off OA meets pair region . If the attempt to gain a drag preceding(prenominal) the labyrinthine sense , then t his can be achieved only by great(p) the plunger to the surface of the water . In other words, the map points double-dealing above or to the oddfield(p)(a) of the swerve OA meets the fluidness- state.\n\nHow long stretch forth left the field of still and vapor state ? We dodge one point in both areas and move them horizontally to the left . This drift of points on the graph corresponds to the chilling liquifiable or travel at a incessant press. It is cognize that if the cooling water is at normal atmospheric pressure , then for arriver 0 C the water starts to freeze. Carrying out same experiments at other pressures come to the OC slide , separates the liquid water from the ice field . This trim is the dilute of rest strong state liquid , or melting cut back indicates those pairs of value ​​of temperature and pressure at which the ice and liquid water are at equaliser .\n\n miserable horizontally to the left in the pair (bottom map ) , bes ides come to 0V curve . Etokrivaya residuum unbendable sostoyaniepar or sublimation curve . She meet those pairs of determine ​​of pressure to a temperature at which ice is in offset and travel .\n\n tout ensemble three-baggert curves cover at the point O. The coordinates of this tochkieto unparalleled pair of determine ​​of temperature and pressure . in which can be in equilibrium by all troika phases : ice, liquid water and steam. It is called the triple point .\n\nThe melting curve was study to very high pressures , in this area revealed several modifications of ice (on a chart not shown).'